parallel patent

юр., пат. параллельный патент, патент-аналог (патенты, выданные в разных государствах на одно и то же изобретение)

< jur> ■ Parallelpatent n

1) патент (охранный документ на изобретение, удостоверяющий признание предложения изобретением, его приоритет и исключительное право на него патентообладателя)

2) патентовать; патентованный; патентный

•

- patent alleged to be infringed

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1) пат., юр. патент (охранный документ на изобретение, удостоверяющий признание предложения изобретением, его приоритет и исключительное право на него патентообладателя)

2) пат., юр. патентное право (исключительное право на интеллектуальную собственность, получаемое благодаря патенту)

1) общ. явный, очевидный

2) пат., юр. патентованный, запатентованный ( защищенный патентом)

пат., юр. патентовать, получать патент

* * *

* * *

1) тех. параллельный ( по расположению)

2) эк. параллельный, одновременный (существующий наряду с основным; напр., о явлении, известном на государственном уровне, но не имеющем официального признания)

3) общ. аналогичный, подобный, похожий, схожий

* * *

• /math/ параллельный

• 1) /vt,anim. subj/ найти что-либо подобное; 2) /vt/ быть параллельный; 3) /in passive/ сравненный

• параллель

* * *

1) Law: equivalence

2) Patents: parallel patent

3) Automation: corresponding patent (в другой стране)

n < jur> ■ parallel patent

SUBJECT AREA: Automotive engineering, Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering

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Ernest-Sylvain Bollée was the founder of an extensive dynasty of bellfounders based in Le Mans and in Orléans. He and his three sons, Amédée (1844–1917), Ernest-Sylvain fils (1846–1917) and Auguste (1847-?), were involved in work and patents on steam-and petrol-driven cars, on wind engines and on hydraulic rams. The presence of the Bollées' car industry in Le Mans was a factor in the establishment of the car races that are held there.

In 1868 Ernest-Sylvain Bollée père took out a patent for a wind engine, which at that time was well established in America and in England. In both these countries, variable-shuttered as well as fixed-blade wind engines were in production and patented, but the Ernest-Sylvain Bollée patent was for a type of wind engine that had not been seen before and is more akin to the water-driven turbine of the Jonval type, with its basic principle being parallel to the "rotor" and "stator". The wind drives through a fixed ring of blades on to a rotating ring that has a slightly greater number of blades. The blades of the fixed ring are curved in the opposite direction to those on the rotating blades and thus the air is directed onto the latter, causing it to rotate at a considerable speed: this is the "rotor". For greater efficiency a cuff of sheet iron can be attached to the "stator", giving a tunnel effect and driving more air at the "rotor". The head of this wind engine is turned to the wind by means of a wind-driven vane mounted in front of the blades. The wind vane adjusts the wind angle to enable the wind engine to run at a constant speed.

The fact that this wind engine was invented by the owner of a brass foundry, with all the gear trains between the wind vane and the head of the tower being of the highest-quality brass and, therefore, small in scale, lay behind its success. Also, it was of prefabricated construction, so that fixed lengths of cast-iron pillar were delivered, complete with twelve treads of cast-iron staircase fixed to the outside and wrought-iron stays. The drive from the wind engine was taken down the inside of the pillar to pumps at ground level.

Whilst the wind engines were being built for wealthy owners or communes, the work of the foundry continued. The three sons joined the family firm as partners and produced several steam-driven vehicles. These vehicles were the work of Amédée père and were l'Obéissante (1873); the Autobus (1880–3), of which some were built in Berlin under licence; the tram Bollée-Dalifol (1876); and the private car La Mancelle (1878). Another important line, in parallel with the pumping mechanism required for the wind engines, was the development of hydraulic rams, following the Montgolfier patent. In accordance with French practice, the firm was split three ways when Ernest-Sylvain Bollée père died. Amédée père inherited the car side of the business, but it is due to Amédée fils (1867– 1926) that the principal developments in car manufacture came into being. He developed the petrol-driven car after the impetus given by his grandfather, his father and his uncle Ernest-Sylvain fils. In 1887 he designed a four-stroke single-cylinder engine, although he also used engines designed by others such as Peugeot. He produced two luxurious saloon cars before putting Torpilleur on the road in 1898; this car competed in the Tour de France in 1899. Whilst designing other cars, Amédée's son Léon (1870–1913) developed the Voiturette, in 1896, and then began general manufacture of small cars on factory lines. The firm ceased work after a merger with the English firm of Morris in 1926. Auguste inherited the Eolienne or wind-engine side of the business; however, attracted to the artistic life, he sold out to Ernest Lebert in 1898 and settled in the Paris of the Impressionists. Lebert developed the wind-engine business and retained the basic "stator-rotor" form with a conventional lattice tower. He remained in Le Mans, carrying on the business of the manufacture of wind engines, pumps and hydraulic machinery, describing himself as a "Civil Engineer".

The hydraulic-ram business fell to Ernest-Sylvain fils and continued to thrive from a solid base of design and production. The foundry in Le Mans is still there but, more importantly, the bell foundry of Dominique Bollée in Saint-Jean-de-Braye in Orléans is still at work casting bells in the old way.

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SUBJECT AREA: Electricity, Electronics and information technology, Public utilities

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After attending Owens College, Manchester, Hopkinson was admitted to Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1867 to read for the Mathematical Tripos. An appointment in 1872 with the lighthouse department of the Chance Optical Works in Birmingham directed his attention to electrical engineering. His most noteworthy contribution to lighthouse engineering was an optical system to produce flashing lights that distinguished between individual beacons. His extensive researches on the dielectric properties of glass were recognized when he was elected to a Fellowship of the Royal Society at the age of 29. Moving to London in 1877 he became established as a consulting engineer at a time when electricity supply was about to begin on a commercial scale. During the remainder of his life, Hopkinson's researches resulted in fundamental contributions to electrical engineering practice, dynamo design and alternating current machine theory. In making a critical study of the Edison dynamo he developed the principle of the magnetic circuit, a concept also arrived at by Gisbert Kapp around the same time. Hopkinson's improvement of the Edison dynamo by reducing the length of the field magnets almost doubled its output. In 1890, in addition to-his consulting practice, Hopkinson accepted a post as the first Professor of Electrical Engineering and Head of the Siemens laboratory recently established at King's College, London. Although he was not involved in lecturing, the position gave him the necessary facilities and staff and student assistance to continue his researches. Hopkinson was consulted on many proposals for electric traction and electricity supply, including schemes in London, Manchester, Liverpool and Leeds. He also advised Mather and Platt when they were acting as contractors for the locomotives and generating plant for the City and South London tube railway. As early as 1882 he considered that an ideal method of charging for the supply of electricity should be based on a two-part tariff, with a charge related to maximum demand together with a charge for energy supplied. Hopkinson was one the foremost expert witnesses of his day in patent actions and was himself the patentee of over forty inventions, of which the three-wire system of distribution and the series-parallel connection of traction motors were his most successful. Jointly with his brother Edward, John Hopkinson communicated the outcome of his investigations to the Royal Society in a paper entitled "Dynamo Electric Machinery" in 1886. In this he also described the later widely used "back to back" test for determining the characteristics of two identical machines. His interest in electrical machines led him to more fundamental research on magnetic materials, including the phenomenon of recalescence and the disappearance of magnetism at a well-defined temperature. For his work on the magnetic properties of iron, in 1890 he was awarded the Royal Society Royal Medal. He was a member of the Alpine Club and a pioneer of rock climbing in Britain; he died, together with three of his children, in a climbing accident.

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1) Общая лексика: project participant

2) Компьютерная техника: Parallel Port, Post Processing, Presentation Position, Pretty Print, Printed Page, Processing Problem, Programming Project, Prolog Profile, Pure Perl

3) Биология: pyrophosphate

4) Медицина: pulse pressure

5) Американизм: Policy Procedure, Postage Paid

6) Спорт: Possible Points, Power Play, Power Points

7) Латинский язык: Pater Patriae

8) Военный термин: Physical Plant, Preprogramed, Princess Pat's, paper play, passage point, pay period, percussion primer, personnel property, petrol point, pickup point, picrate powder, pilotless plane, pinpoint, planning purpose, power plant, present position, principle point, private property, procurement plan, production phase, progress payments, project proposal, promotion pamphlet, propulsion power, provisioning procedures, purchased parts

9) Техника: packet-by-packet, partial pay, peak-to-peak, per procurationem, per pro, phosphoroprotein, physical protection, pilot plan, pilot production, plasma physics, plate pulse, power package, preprocessor, preset parameter, pressure part, pressure pickup, pressure pipe, pressure port, primary pressure, pulse pair

10) Сельское хозяйство: Pig Powder, Potbelly Pig

11) Шутливое выражение: Precious Piggy

12) Религия: Papa Pontifex, Pope And Pontiff

13) Юридический термин: Private Person, Protected Person, Psychopathic Personality

14) Экономика: per pro

15) Фармакология: procaine penicillin

16) Биржевой термин: Percentage Point, Percentage Points

17) Кино: Promotes Promiscuity

18) Музыка: Pianissimo

19) Политика: Papua New Guinea, Peace Party, People's Party, Peoples Party, Political Party

20) Телекоммуникации: Payload Pointer

21) Сокращение: Parcel Post, Pay Period (MODS report abbreviation), Petroleum Point, Point-to-Point, Primary Point, panel point, past participle, peak to peak, piping, present participle, Post Pay (payphone)

22) Текстиль: Pocket Pair

23) Физика: Physical Principle

24) Физиология: Positive Pressure, Post Partum, Postprandial, Postpartum, Presenting Problem, Private Physician

25) Электроника: Positive Pulse, Propagation Prediction

26) Вычислительная техника: Pre-Processor, physical plane, pilot punch, Physical Plane (IN), Physical Partition (LVM), Post Pay (payphone, Telephony), (pages) страницы

27) Нефть: production payment, pulled pipe, pump pressure, натянутая труба, оплата за продукцию (production payment), поднятая труба (pulled pipe), payback period

28) Социология: Планирование рождаемости ( Planned Parenthood)

29) Транспорт: Length between Perpendiculars

30) Пищевая промышленность: Peak Picking

31) Воздухоплавание: Plane Parallel

32) Парфюмерия: полипропилен

33) Фирменный знак: Parsons, Phillips Perron, Protein Protein, Pulp And Paper

34) СМИ: Printers Proof, Published Play, Publisher Or Publishers

35) Деловая лексика: Principal Part, Professional Practice, Published Price

36) Нефтепромысловый: pore pressure

37) Образование: Pet Pals

38) Инвестиции: patent pending, plant patent

39) Сетевые технологии: peripheral processor, периферийный процессор

40) Полимеры: peak power, polypropylene, porous by precipitator, pre-primed, pressure-proof

41) Автоматика: pitch point, postprocessor

42) Сахалин Ю: propane

43) Химическое оружие: Process Procedure

44) Расширение файла: Parallel Processor

45) Нефть и газ: pour point

46) Электротехника: push-pull

47) Общественная организация: Pet Partners

48) Должность: Parish Priest

49) Чат: Practically Perfect, Pretty Pathetic

50) НАСА: Post Pass

51) Единицы измерений: Page Or Pages, Per Particle, Per Person

52) Международная торговля: Purchase Price

1) Общая лексика: project participant

2) Компьютерная техника: Parallel Port, Post Processing, Presentation Position, Pretty Print, Printed Page, Processing Problem, Programming Project, Prolog Profile, Pure Perl

3) Биология: pyrophosphate

4) Медицина: pulse pressure

5) Американизм: Policy Procedure, Postage Paid

6) Спорт: Possible Points, Power Play, Power Points

7) Латинский язык: Pater Patriae

8) Военный термин: Physical Plant, Preprogramed, Princess Pat's, paper play, passage point, pay period, percussion primer, personnel property, petrol point, pickup point, picrate powder, pilotless plane, pinpoint, planning purpose, power plant, present position, principle point, private property, procurement plan, production phase, progress payments, project proposal, promotion pamphlet, propulsion power, provisioning procedures, purchased parts

9) Техника: packet-by-packet, partial pay, peak-to-peak, per procurationem, per pro, phosphoroprotein, physical protection, pilot plan, pilot production, plasma physics, plate pulse, power package, preprocessor, preset parameter, pressure part, pressure pickup, pressure pipe, pressure port, primary pressure, pulse pair

10) Сельское хозяйство: Pig Powder, Potbelly Pig

11) Шутливое выражение: Precious Piggy

12) Религия: Papa Pontifex, Pope And Pontiff

13) Юридический термин: Private Person, Protected Person, Psychopathic Personality

14) Экономика: per pro

15) Фармакология: procaine penicillin

16) Биржевой термин: Percentage Point, Percentage Points

17) Кино: Promotes Promiscuity

18) Музыка: Pianissimo

19) Политика: Papua New Guinea, Peace Party, People's Party, Peoples Party, Political Party

20) Телекоммуникации: Payload Pointer

21) Сокращение: Parcel Post, Pay Period (MODS report abbreviation), Petroleum Point, Point-to-Point, Primary Point, panel point, past participle, peak to peak, piping, present participle, Post Pay (payphone)

22) Текстиль: Pocket Pair

23) Физика: Physical Principle

24) Физиология: Positive Pressure, Post Partum, Postprandial, Postpartum, Presenting Problem, Private Physician

25) Электроника: Positive Pulse, Propagation Prediction

26) Вычислительная техника: Pre-Processor, physical plane, pilot punch, Physical Plane (IN), Physical Partition (LVM), Post Pay (payphone, Telephony), (pages) страницы

27) Нефть: production payment, pulled pipe, pump pressure, натянутая труба, оплата за продукцию (production payment), поднятая труба (pulled pipe), payback period

28) Социология: Планирование рождаемости ( Planned Parenthood)

29) Транспорт: Length between Perpendiculars

30) Пищевая промышленность: Peak Picking

31) Воздухоплавание: Plane Parallel

32) Парфюмерия: полипропилен

33) Фирменный знак: Parsons, Phillips Perron, Protein Protein, Pulp And Paper

34) СМИ: Printers Proof, Published Play, Publisher Or Publishers

35) Деловая лексика: Principal Part, Professional Practice, Published Price

36) Нефтепромысловый: pore pressure

37) Образование: Pet Pals

38) Инвестиции: patent pending, plant patent

39) Сетевые технологии: peripheral processor, периферийный процессор

40) Полимеры: peak power, polypropylene, porous by precipitator, pre-primed, pressure-proof

41) Автоматика: pitch point, postprocessor

42) Сахалин Ю: propane

43) Химическое оружие: Process Procedure

44) Расширение файла: Parallel Processor

45) Нефть и газ: pour point

46) Электротехника: push-pull

47) Общественная организация: Pet Partners

48) Должность: Parish Priest

49) Чат: Practically Perfect, Pretty Pathetic

50) НАСА: Post Pass

51) Единицы измерений: Page Or Pages, Per Particle, Per Person

52) Международная торговля: Purchase Price

1) Общая лексика: project participant

2) Компьютерная техника: Parallel Port, Post Processing, Presentation Position, Pretty Print, Printed Page, Processing Problem, Programming Project, Prolog Profile, Pure Perl

3) Биология: pyrophosphate

4) Медицина: pulse pressure

5) Американизм: Policy Procedure, Postage Paid

6) Спорт: Possible Points, Power Play, Power Points

7) Латинский язык: Pater Patriae

8) Военный термин: Physical Plant, Preprogramed, Princess Pat's, paper play, passage point, pay period, percussion primer, personnel property, petrol point, pickup point, picrate powder, pilotless plane, pinpoint, planning purpose, power plant, present position, principle point, private property, procurement plan, production phase, progress payments, project proposal, promotion pamphlet, propulsion power, provisioning procedures, purchased parts

9) Техника: packet-by-packet, partial pay, peak-to-peak, per procurationem, per pro, phosphoroprotein, physical protection, pilot plan, pilot production, plasma physics, plate pulse, power package, preprocessor, preset parameter, pressure part, pressure pickup, pressure pipe, pressure port, primary pressure, pulse pair

10) Сельское хозяйство: Pig Powder, Potbelly Pig

11) Шутливое выражение: Precious Piggy

12) Религия: Papa Pontifex, Pope And Pontiff

13) Юридический термин: Private Person, Protected Person, Psychopathic Personality

14) Экономика: per pro

15) Фармакология: procaine penicillin

16) Биржевой термин: Percentage Point, Percentage Points

17) Кино: Promotes Promiscuity

18) Музыка: Pianissimo

19) Политика: Papua New Guinea, Peace Party, People's Party, Peoples Party, Political Party

20) Телекоммуникации: Payload Pointer

21) Сокращение: Parcel Post, Pay Period (MODS report abbreviation), Petroleum Point, Point-to-Point, Primary Point, panel point, past participle, peak to peak, piping, present participle, Post Pay (payphone)

22) Текстиль: Pocket Pair

23) Физика: Physical Principle

24) Физиология: Positive Pressure, Post Partum, Postprandial, Postpartum, Presenting Problem, Private Physician

25) Электроника: Positive Pulse, Propagation Prediction

26) Вычислительная техника: Pre-Processor, physical plane, pilot punch, Physical Plane (IN), Physical Partition (LVM), Post Pay (payphone, Telephony), (pages) страницы

27) Нефть: production payment, pulled pipe, pump pressure, натянутая труба, оплата за продукцию (production payment), поднятая труба (pulled pipe), payback period

28) Социология: Планирование рождаемости ( Planned Parenthood)

29) Транспорт: Length between Perpendiculars

30) Пищевая промышленность: Peak Picking

31) Воздухоплавание: Plane Parallel

32) Парфюмерия: полипропилен

33) Фирменный знак: Parsons, Phillips Perron, Protein Protein, Pulp And Paper

34) СМИ: Printers Proof, Published Play, Publisher Or Publishers

35) Деловая лексика: Principal Part, Professional Practice, Published Price

36) Нефтепромысловый: pore pressure

37) Образование: Pet Pals

38) Инвестиции: patent pending, plant patent

39) Сетевые технологии: peripheral processor, периферийный процессор

40) Полимеры: peak power, polypropylene, porous by precipitator, pre-primed, pressure-proof

41) Автоматика: pitch point, postprocessor

42) Сахалин Ю: propane

43) Химическое оружие: Process Procedure

44) Расширение файла: Parallel Processor

45) Нефть и газ: pour point

46) Электротехника: push-pull

47) Общественная организация: Pet Partners

48) Должность: Parish Priest

49) Чат: Practically Perfect, Pretty Pathetic

50) НАСА: Post Pass

51) Единицы измерений: Page Or Pages, Per Particle, Per Person

52) Международная торговля: Purchase Price

SUBJECT AREA: Broadcasting, Electronics and information technology, Photography, film and optics, Recording, Telecommunications

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De Forest was born into the family of a Congregational minister that moved to Alabama in 1879 when the father became President of a college for African-Americans; this was a position that led to the family's social ostracism by the white community. By the time he was 13 years old, De Forest was already a keen mechanical inventor, and in 1893, rejecting his father's plan for him to become a clergyman, he entered the Sheffield Scientific School of Yale University. Following his first degree, he went on to study the propagation of electromagnetic waves, gaining a PhD in physics in 1899 for his thesis on the "Reflection of Hertzian Waves from the Ends of Parallel Wires", probably the first US thesis in the field of radio.

He then joined the Western Electric Company in Chicago where he helped develop the infant technology of wireless, working his way up from a modest post in the production area to a position in the experimental laboratory. There, working alone after normal working hours, he developed a detector of electromagnetic waves based on an electrolytic device similar to that already invented by Fleming in England. Recognizing his talents, a number of financial backers enabled him to set up his own business in 1902 under the name of De Forest Wireless Telegraphy Company; he was soon demonstrating wireless telegraphy to interested parties and entering into competition with the American Marconi Company.

Despite the failure of this company because of fraud by his partners, he continued his experiments; in 1907, by adding a third electrode, a wire mesh, between the anode and cathode of the thermionic diode invented by Fleming in 1904, he was able to produce the amplifying device now known as the triode valve and achieve a sensitivity of radio-signal reception much greater than possible with the passive carborundum and electrolytic detectors hitherto available. Patented under the name Audion, this new vacuum device was soon successfully used for experimental broadcasts of music and speech in New York and Paris. The invention of the Audion has been described as the beginning of the electronic era. Although much development work was required before its full potential was realized, the Audion opened the way to progress in all areas of sound transmission, recording and reproduction. The patent was challenged by Fleming and it was not until 1943 that De Forest's claim was finally recognized.

Overcoming the near failure of his new company, the De Forest Radio Telephone Company, as well as unsuccessful charges of fraudulent promotion of the Audion, he continued to exploit the potential of his invention. By 1912 he had used transformer-coupling of several Audion stages to achieve high gain at radio frequencies, making long-distance communication a practical proposition, and had applied positive feedback from the Audion output anode to its input grid to realize a stable transmitter oscillator and modulator. These successes led to prolonged patent litigation with Edwin Armstrong and others, and he eventually sold the manufacturing rights, in retrospect often for a pittance.

During the early 1920s De Forest began a fruitful association with T.W.Case, who for around ten years had been working to perfect a moving-picture sound system. De Forest claimed to have had an interest in sound films as early as 1900, and Case now began to supply him with photoelectric cells and primitive sound cameras. He eventually devised a variable-density sound-on-film system utilizing a glow-discharge modulator, the Photion. By 1926 De Forest's Phonofilm had been successfully demonstrated in over fifty theatres and this system became the basis of Movietone. Though his ideas were on the right lines, the technology was insufficiently developed and it was left to others to produce a system acceptable to the film industry. However, De Forest had played a key role in transforming the nature of the film industry; within a space of five years the production of silent films had all but ceased.

In the following decade De Forest applied the Audion to the development of medical diathermy. Finally, after spending most of his working life as an independent inventor and entrepreneur, he worked for a time during the Second World War at the Bell Telephone Laboratories on military applications of electronics.

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KF / JW

SUBJECT AREA: Electronics and information technology

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In 1938, whilst working for a German electrical company, Flechsig filed a patent in which he described the use of an array of stretched parallel wires to control the landing of either one or three electron beams on separate red, green and blue phosphor stripes within a single cathode ray tube. Whilst the single-beam arrangement required subsidiary deflection to alternate the beam landing angle, the three-beam version effectively used the wires to "mask" the landing of the electron beams so that each one only illuminated the relevant colour phosphor stripes. Although not developed at the time, the concept anticipated the subsequent invention of the shadowmask tube by RCA in the early 1950s and, even more closely, the development of the Sony Trinitron some years later.

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See also: Baird, John Logie; Goldmark, Peter Carl

SUBJECT AREA: Electricity, Public utilities

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Jablochkoff studied at the Military Engineering College in St Petersburg. Having a scientific bent, he was sent to the Military Galvano Technical School. At the end of his military service in 1871 he was appointed Director General of the Moscow-Kursk telegraph lines for the Midi Railway Company. At this time he began to develop an interest in electric lighting, and in 1875 he left the Imperial Telegraph Service to devote his time exclusively to scientific pursuits. He found employment at the workshop of M Bréguet in Paris, where Gramme dynamos and Serrin arc lamps were being constructed. After some experimentation he found a means of producing a carbon arc that regulated itself without any mechanism. This lamp, the Jablochkoff candle, with two carbon rods placed parallel to each other and so close that an arc formed at the ends, could continue to burn until the rods were consumed. Plaster of Paris was used to separate the two electrodes and crumbled away as the carbon burned, thus exposing fresh carbon. These lamps were used in May 1878 in Paris to illuminate the avenue de l'Opéra, and later in Rome and London, and in essence were the first practical electric street lighting. Since there was no regulating mechanism, several candles could be placed in a single circuit. Despite inherent defects, such as the inability to restart the lamps after they were extinguished by wind or interruption of supply, they remained in use for some purposes for several years on account of their simplicity and cheapness. In 1877 Jablochkoff obtained the earliest patent to employ transformers to distribute current in an alternating-current circuit.

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